And if you didn't turn in pp 217-218 Circle review on Tuesday, that will also be due.
This Thursday we will also be having a Valentine's party. Pizza will be provided for lunch. Please e-mail me and let me know if you would like to volunteer to bring anything. We will need drinks, plasticware, paper goods, desserts, and anything else you might think of.
Here are the notes for Ch. 9 science, and happy studying!!!
Sec. 1: Energy and Fossil Fuels
I. Energy Transformation - a change from one form of energy to another; energy conversion
II. Fuels and Energy
A. fuel- a substance that provides a form of energy- such as heat, light, electricity, or motion- as the result of a chemical change
B. combustion- the process of burning a fuel to release stored chemical energy
C. production of electricity
1. energy stored in fuels generate electricity
2. power plants to homes
a. thermal energy produced by burning fuel boils water, creates steam
b. mechanical energy of steam turns blades of turbine
c. turbine is connected to generator
d. generator consists of powerful magnets surrounded by coils of copper wire
e. as shaft rotates, magnets turn inside wire coil, producing electric current
f. current flows thru power lines to homes
III. Energy transformation in the home
A. water heaters
1. electric heater transforms electrical energy into thermal energy, heating water
2. natural gas heater transforms stored chemical energy of fuel into thermal energy, heating water
B. cooling systems
1. heat flows from a warm to cold
2. refrigerator
a. fridge compressor squeezes refrigerant particles and causes the pressure and temp to rise
b. gas loses thermal energy, becomes liquid
c. liquid then evaporates and cools
d. cold gas is pumped through tubes in fridge and absorbs thermal energy from inside
e. gas returns to compressor to repeat cycle
3. a/c works the same way as fridge
IV. Fossil Fuels
A. fossil fuels- energy rich substances formed from the remains of once-living organisms.
B. Three types
1. oil
2. natural gas
3. coal
C. hydrocarbons- energy rich chemical compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms
1. combustion- carbon and hydrogen combine with oxygen to form CO2 and H2O to release heat and light energy
2. fossil fuels have more hydrocarbons than other fuels
D. nonrenewable resources- fossil fuels take hundreds of millions of year to form
V. Oil
A. thick, black, liquid fossil fuel
B. petroleum- oil
1. 1/3 of energy produced
2. fuels most transportation
3. environmental effects
a. air pollution
b. oil spills
c. groundwater polluted
C. Oil deposits
1. Finding oil difficult due to deep location
2. Use sound waves to find oil
D. Refining oil
1. crude oil pumped from ground
2. refinery- crude oil is separated into fuel and other products by heating
3. petrochemicals-compounds that are made from oil
a. plastics
b. paints
c. medicines
d. cosmetics
VI. Natural Gas
A. Mixture of methane and other gases
B. produces large amounts of energy, but fewer pollutants
C. explosive
D. odorless; smell is added
VII. Coal
A. solid fossil fuel formed from plant remains
B. Coal mining
C. reserves- known deposits of coal that can be obtained using current technology
D. Coal as energy source
1. most plentiful fossil fuel in US
2. increases erosion
3. run-off can cause water pollution
4. air pollution
Sec. 2: Renewable sources of Energy
I. Renewable resources- a resource that is naturally produced and easily replaced in a short amount of time
II. Solar Energy
A. energy from the sun
B. Sun provides energy as light and heat
C. most renewable energy resource
D. inexhaustible resource- exists in such large supply that it can be considered almost limitless
E. none at night
III. Solar Technology
A. Solar plants- uses giant mirrors to focus sun rays to heat water to create steam
B. Solar cells- converts solar energy into electricity
C. Solar heating systems
1. passive- converts sunlight into thermal energy without pumps or fans
2. active- captures sun’s energy, uses fans and pumps to distribute heat
IV. Other sources of renewable energy
A. Water
1. flowing water can turn a turbine and create electricity
2. hydroelectric power- electricity produced by flowing water
B. biomass materials- fuels made from things that were once alive; wood
C. Wind
1. turns turbine to generate electricity
2. free; pollutant free
D. earth’s interior- geothermal energy
1. magma heats underground water, steam
2. unlimited source of cheap energy
E. hydrogen
1. burns cleanly; water byproduct
2. inexhaustible resource
3. combined w/ water; takes too much energy to obtain
Sec. 3: Nuclear Energy
I. Fission Reactions
A. nucleus- central core of an atom that contains protons and neutrons
B. tremendous amount of energy
C. convert matter to energy
D. fission- the splitting of an atom’s nucleus into two smaller nuclei
1. nucleus of large atom is shot with neutron at high speed
2. nucleus splits apart into 2 smaller nuclei and 2 or more neutrons
3. cycle repeats
4. if not controlled, causes huge explosion
5. atomic bomb
6. energy released as heat
II. Nuclear Power Plants
A. heat released from reactions used to change water to steam
B. steam turns blades of turbine to generate electricity
C. reactor vessel- the section of a nuclear reactor where nuclear fission occurs
1. fuel rods- rods of uranium-235
2. control rods- rods made of metal cadmium between fuel rods used to control reaction
D. Heat exchanger
1. heat removed from reactor vessel by liquid pumped thru reactor
2. liquid boils water; produces steam to run generator
III. Risks of Nuclear Fission
A. meltdown- fuel rods generate so much heat they melt
B. explosions
C. radioactive contamination
D. disposal of radioactive wastes problematic
E. Chernobyl
IV. Fusion
A. combining of 2 atomic nuclei to produce a single larger nucleus
B. can produce much more energy
C. water is fuel
D. high temperature makes it difficult
Sec. 4: Energy Conservation
I. Conservation and efficiency
A. Search for new sources of energy
B. Conserve current fuels to last longer
C. energy conservation- reducing energy use
D. efficiency- percentage of energy that is actually used to perform work
E. Lighting
1. incandescent lights- wasteful
2. compact fluorescent bulb- more efficient
F. insulation- layer of material that helps block the transfer of heat between air inside and outside a building
1. fiberglass insulation-layer of trapped air helps keep building from losing/gaining heat from outside
2. insulated windows
G. Transportation conservation
1. carpooling
2. mass transit
II. What you can do
A. use heater & a/c less
B. use less electricity
C. turn off lights/tv when not in room
D. mass transit/ ride bike or walk
E. recycle
I. Energy Transformation - a change from one form of energy to another; energy conversion
II. Fuels and Energy
A. fuel- a substance that provides a form of energy- such as heat, light, electricity, or motion- as the result of a chemical change
B. combustion- the process of burning a fuel to release stored chemical energy
C. production of electricity
1. energy stored in fuels generate electricity
2. power plants to homes
a. thermal energy produced by burning fuel boils water, creates steam
b. mechanical energy of steam turns blades of turbine
c. turbine is connected to generator
d. generator consists of powerful magnets surrounded by coils of copper wire
e. as shaft rotates, magnets turn inside wire coil, producing electric current
f. current flows thru power lines to homes
III. Energy transformation in the home
A. water heaters
1. electric heater transforms electrical energy into thermal energy, heating water
2. natural gas heater transforms stored chemical energy of fuel into thermal energy, heating water
B. cooling systems
1. heat flows from a warm to cold
2. refrigerator
a. fridge compressor squeezes refrigerant particles and causes the pressure and temp to rise
b. gas loses thermal energy, becomes liquid
c. liquid then evaporates and cools
d. cold gas is pumped through tubes in fridge and absorbs thermal energy from inside
e. gas returns to compressor to repeat cycle
3. a/c works the same way as fridge
IV. Fossil Fuels
A. fossil fuels- energy rich substances formed from the remains of once-living organisms.
B. Three types
1. oil
2. natural gas
3. coal
C. hydrocarbons- energy rich chemical compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms
1. combustion- carbon and hydrogen combine with oxygen to form CO2 and H2O to release heat and light energy
2. fossil fuels have more hydrocarbons than other fuels
D. nonrenewable resources- fossil fuels take hundreds of millions of year to form
V. Oil
A. thick, black, liquid fossil fuel
B. petroleum- oil
1. 1/3 of energy produced
2. fuels most transportation
3. environmental effects
a. air pollution
b. oil spills
c. groundwater polluted
C. Oil deposits
1. Finding oil difficult due to deep location
2. Use sound waves to find oil
D. Refining oil
1. crude oil pumped from ground
2. refinery- crude oil is separated into fuel and other products by heating
3. petrochemicals-compounds that are made from oil
a. plastics
b. paints
c. medicines
d. cosmetics
VI. Natural Gas
A. Mixture of methane and other gases
B. produces large amounts of energy, but fewer pollutants
C. explosive
D. odorless; smell is added
VII. Coal
A. solid fossil fuel formed from plant remains
B. Coal mining
C. reserves- known deposits of coal that can be obtained using current technology
D. Coal as energy source
1. most plentiful fossil fuel in US
2. increases erosion
3. run-off can cause water pollution
4. air pollution
Sec. 2: Renewable sources of Energy
I. Renewable resources- a resource that is naturally produced and easily replaced in a short amount of time
II. Solar Energy
A. energy from the sun
B. Sun provides energy as light and heat
C. most renewable energy resource
D. inexhaustible resource- exists in such large supply that it can be considered almost limitless
E. none at night
III. Solar Technology
A. Solar plants- uses giant mirrors to focus sun rays to heat water to create steam
B. Solar cells- converts solar energy into electricity
C. Solar heating systems
1. passive- converts sunlight into thermal energy without pumps or fans
2. active- captures sun’s energy, uses fans and pumps to distribute heat
IV. Other sources of renewable energy
A. Water
1. flowing water can turn a turbine and create electricity
2. hydroelectric power- electricity produced by flowing water
B. biomass materials- fuels made from things that were once alive; wood
C. Wind
1. turns turbine to generate electricity
2. free; pollutant free
D. earth’s interior- geothermal energy
1. magma heats underground water, steam
2. unlimited source of cheap energy
E. hydrogen
1. burns cleanly; water byproduct
2. inexhaustible resource
3. combined w/ water; takes too much energy to obtain
Sec. 3: Nuclear Energy
I. Fission Reactions
A. nucleus- central core of an atom that contains protons and neutrons
B. tremendous amount of energy
C. convert matter to energy
D. fission- the splitting of an atom’s nucleus into two smaller nuclei
1. nucleus of large atom is shot with neutron at high speed
2. nucleus splits apart into 2 smaller nuclei and 2 or more neutrons
3. cycle repeats
4. if not controlled, causes huge explosion
5. atomic bomb
6. energy released as heat
II. Nuclear Power Plants
A. heat released from reactions used to change water to steam
B. steam turns blades of turbine to generate electricity
C. reactor vessel- the section of a nuclear reactor where nuclear fission occurs
1. fuel rods- rods of uranium-235
2. control rods- rods made of metal cadmium between fuel rods used to control reaction
D. Heat exchanger
1. heat removed from reactor vessel by liquid pumped thru reactor
2. liquid boils water; produces steam to run generator
III. Risks of Nuclear Fission
A. meltdown- fuel rods generate so much heat they melt
B. explosions
C. radioactive contamination
D. disposal of radioactive wastes problematic
E. Chernobyl
IV. Fusion
A. combining of 2 atomic nuclei to produce a single larger nucleus
B. can produce much more energy
C. water is fuel
D. high temperature makes it difficult
Sec. 4: Energy Conservation
I. Conservation and efficiency
A. Search for new sources of energy
B. Conserve current fuels to last longer
C. energy conservation- reducing energy use
D. efficiency- percentage of energy that is actually used to perform work
E. Lighting
1. incandescent lights- wasteful
2. compact fluorescent bulb- more efficient
F. insulation- layer of material that helps block the transfer of heat between air inside and outside a building
1. fiberglass insulation-layer of trapped air helps keep building from losing/gaining heat from outside
2. insulated windows
G. Transportation conservation
1. carpooling
2. mass transit
II. What you can do
A. use heater & a/c less
B. use less electricity
C. turn off lights/tv when not in room
D. mass transit/ ride bike or walk
E. recycle
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