Up next- Science Test!

It seems like we just had a science test- and we did two weeks ago! Because this was a short and sweet chapter, another test is up again on Thursday. Therefore, the studyguide for Chapter 10 on Rocks and the chapter review will be due on Thursday. Be sure to study the review questions- if you know the review, you will be ready for the test.

Don't forget the PSIA test is this Saturday! We will spend some time on Thursday reviewing and studying for the math and science exams. If you are not taking either of these exams, please bring material to study for any of the PSIA exams you are taking. Best of luck!

The science notes for this chapter are as follows:

Chapter 10 Notes

Sec. 1: Inside Earth

I. Earth’s exterior
A. Rock- the material that makes up Earth’s hard outer surface
B. crust- sold rock layer that surrounds Earth’s surface
II. Science of Geology
A. Geology- study of planet Earth, including Earth’s surface and interior
B. Geologists- scientists who study Earth and the processes that have shaped Earth over time.
1. study physical conditions, such as temperature and pressure, inside earth
2. Study the forces inside Earth that affect the surface
C. Seismic waves- vibrations that travel through Earth every time an earthquake shakes the ground
III. Earth’s Interior
A. Inner Core- sphere of hot, solid metal (pressure)
B. Outer Core- liquid; extremely hot
C. Mantle- thick layer surrounding the core
D. Lithosphere- rigid outer covering of Earth
1. crust
2. uppermost part of the mantle
E. Temperature and pressure increase with depth
F. Magnetic Field

Sec. 2: Minerals

I. Minerals
A. Solid- definite volume and shape
B. inorganic material- not from living things
C. Forms naturally on or beneath Earth’s surface
D. Crystal structure- repeating pattern of a mineral’s atoms
E. Definite Chemical Composition
II. Identifying Minerals
A. Properties
1. hardness
a. Mohs Hardness scale
b. scratch test
2. color
3. streak- color of a minerals powder
4. luster- the way a mineral reflects light from its surface
5. cleavage- minerals split apart easily along flat surfaces
6. fracture- minerals form irregular surfaces when they break apart
7. density- how much mass in a given volume
8. other properties
a. magnetism
b. carbon
c. fluorescent
d. electrical properties
III. How Minerals Form
A. Form when molten material cools and hardens inside Earth or on the surface
1. magma- molten material inside Earth
2. lava- molten material that reaches the surface of the Earth
B. Form when materials dissolved in water come out of solution
1. veins-minerals that form solutions often occur underground in narrow bands
IV. How People Use Minerals
A. Gemstone- mineral that is valued for its beautiful color, hardness, and glassy luster
B. medicines
C. building materials
D. electronics
E. chemicals

Sec. 3: Rocks and the Rock Cycle

I. Building Blocks of the Crust
A. rock- solid material made up of one or more minerals or other substances, incluing the remains of one-living things
B. Common minerals- rock forming minerals
II. Classifying rock
A. color- depends on the minerals that make up the rock
B. texture-
1. the size, shape, and arrangement of a rock’s grains
2. grain- one of the particles that make up a rock
a. course grain texture- large grains
b. fine-grain texture- small grains
C. composition- viewed thru a thin section- slice of rock made by cutting and grinding a rock
D. how it is formed
1. igneous
2. sedimentary
3. metamorphic
III. Igneous Rock
A. Form when magma or lava cools and hardens
B. Intrusive rock- igneous rock formed from magma beneath the surface
C. Extrusive rock- igneous rock forms from lava on the surface
IV. Sedimentary Rock
A. Forms when particles of rock and other materials are pressed and stuck together
B. sediment- particles of rock or material from living things
C. Erosion- moves sediment from place to place
1. wind
2. water
3. ice
D. deposition- occurs when water slows down or stops moving
1. layers of sediment build up
2. compaction- layers of sediment are squeezed together
3. cementation- sediment is glued together
E. Types of sedimentary rock
1. clastic rock- pieces of rock that have been pressed and stuck together
2. organic rock- rock formed from remains of plants and animals
3. chemical rock- dissolved minerals come out of solution and form crystals
V. Metamorphic Rock
A. heat and great pressure deep beneath Earth’s surface can change rock to metamorphic rock
B. texture changes
VI. The Rock Cycle
A. Forces inside Earth and at the surface produce a rock cycle that builds, destroys, and changes the rocks in the crust
B. Rock cycle- a series of processes on and beneath Earth’s surface that slowly change rocks from one kind to another

Happy studying!

Test Tuesday!

This Tuesday we will have a math test over the following concepts:

1. calculating total cost with sales tax

2. adding, multiplying, dividing and subtracting decimals

3. multiplying and dividing fractions

4. finding the percent of a number (37% of 50)

5. exponents

6. long division

7. finding the base of a percentage (17 is 23% of what number)

8. finding the percentage (89 is what percent of 179)

9. finding circumference of a circle

10. finding area of a circle

11. finding area of a rectangle, square, triangle, parallelogram

12. constructing circles with a given diameter or radius

13. measuring degrees in an angle

We will also have another science test on Thursdsay covering Chapter 10, the Earth. The studyguide and Chapter 10 Review will be due on Thursday. Don't forget to study!

Thanks so much for everyone's help with the Valentine's party- it was much appreciated.

Please don't forget to keep Mrs. Warner in your prayers as she recovers from her ailments.

Have a great weekend!

Science Test Next! And Valentine's Party!

As the six weeks comes to a close, we have one more test in science to wrap up. This Thursday we will conclude Chapter 9 with our exam. The review and the studyguide will also be due for Ch. 9. Please remember to bring them to class. Be sure to study the review- it will help you immensely on the test!

And if you didn't turn in pp 217-218 Circle review on Tuesday, that will also be due.

This Thursday we will also be having a Valentine's party. Pizza will be provided for lunch. Please e-mail me and let me know if you would like to volunteer to bring anything. We will need drinks, plasticware, paper goods, desserts, and anything else you might think of.

Here are the notes for Ch. 9 science, and happy studying!!!

Sec. 1: Energy and Fossil Fuels

I. Energy Transformation - a change from one form of energy to another; energy conversion
II. Fuels and Energy
A. fuel- a substance that provides a form of energy- such as heat, light, electricity, or motion- as the result of a chemical change
B. combustion- the process of burning a fuel to release stored chemical energy
C. production of electricity
1. energy stored in fuels generate electricity
2. power plants to homes
a. thermal energy produced by burning fuel boils water, creates steam
b. mechanical energy of steam turns blades of turbine
c. turbine is connected to generator
d. generator consists of powerful magnets surrounded by coils of copper wire
e. as shaft rotates, magnets turn inside wire coil, producing electric current
f. current flows thru power lines to homes
III. Energy transformation in the home
A. water heaters
1. electric heater transforms electrical energy into thermal energy, heating water
2. natural gas heater transforms stored chemical energy of fuel into thermal energy, heating water
B. cooling systems
1. heat flows from a warm to cold
2. refrigerator
a. fridge compressor squeezes refrigerant particles and causes the pressure and temp to rise
b. gas loses thermal energy, becomes liquid
c. liquid then evaporates and cools
d. cold gas is pumped through tubes in fridge and absorbs thermal energy from inside
e. gas returns to compressor to repeat cycle
3. a/c works the same way as fridge
IV. Fossil Fuels
A. fossil fuels- energy rich substances formed from the remains of once-living organisms.
B. Three types
1. oil
2. natural gas
3. coal
C. hydrocarbons- energy rich chemical compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms
1. combustion- carbon and hydrogen combine with oxygen to form CO2 and H2O to release heat and light energy
2. fossil fuels have more hydrocarbons than other fuels
D. nonrenewable resources- fossil fuels take hundreds of millions of year to form
V. Oil
A. thick, black, liquid fossil fuel
B. petroleum- oil
1. 1/3 of energy produced
2. fuels most transportation
3. environmental effects
a. air pollution
b. oil spills
c. groundwater polluted
C. Oil deposits
1. Finding oil difficult due to deep location
2. Use sound waves to find oil
D. Refining oil
1. crude oil pumped from ground
2. refinery- crude oil is separated into fuel and other products by heating
3. petrochemicals-compounds that are made from oil
a. plastics
b. paints
c. medicines
d. cosmetics
VI. Natural Gas
A. Mixture of methane and other gases
B. produces large amounts of energy, but fewer pollutants
C. explosive
D. odorless; smell is added
VII. Coal
A. solid fossil fuel formed from plant remains
B. Coal mining
C. reserves- known deposits of coal that can be obtained using current technology
D. Coal as energy source
1. most plentiful fossil fuel in US
2. increases erosion
3. run-off can cause water pollution
4. air pollution

Sec. 2: Renewable sources of Energy
I. Renewable resources- a resource that is naturally produced and easily replaced in a short amount of time
II. Solar Energy
A. energy from the sun
B. Sun provides energy as light and heat
C. most renewable energy resource
D. inexhaustible resource- exists in such large supply that it can be considered almost limitless
E. none at night
III. Solar Technology
A. Solar plants- uses giant mirrors to focus sun rays to heat water to create steam
B. Solar cells- converts solar energy into electricity
C. Solar heating systems
1. passive- converts sunlight into thermal energy without pumps or fans
2. active- captures sun’s energy, uses fans and pumps to distribute heat
IV. Other sources of renewable energy
A. Water
1. flowing water can turn a turbine and create electricity
2. hydroelectric power- electricity produced by flowing water
B. biomass materials- fuels made from things that were once alive; wood
C. Wind
1. turns turbine to generate electricity
2. free; pollutant free
D. earth’s interior- geothermal energy
1. magma heats underground water, steam
2. unlimited source of cheap energy
E. hydrogen
1. burns cleanly; water byproduct
2. inexhaustible resource
3. combined w/ water; takes too much energy to obtain

Sec. 3: Nuclear Energy

I. Fission Reactions
A. nucleus- central core of an atom that contains protons and neutrons
B. tremendous amount of energy
C. convert matter to energy
D. fission- the splitting of an atom’s nucleus into two smaller nuclei
1. nucleus of large atom is shot with neutron at high speed
2. nucleus splits apart into 2 smaller nuclei and 2 or more neutrons
3. cycle repeats
4. if not controlled, causes huge explosion
5. atomic bomb
6. energy released as heat
II. Nuclear Power Plants
A. heat released from reactions used to change water to steam
B. steam turns blades of turbine to generate electricity
C. reactor vessel- the section of a nuclear reactor where nuclear fission occurs
1. fuel rods- rods of uranium-235
2. control rods- rods made of metal cadmium between fuel rods used to control reaction
D. Heat exchanger
1. heat removed from reactor vessel by liquid pumped thru reactor
2. liquid boils water; produces steam to run generator
III. Risks of Nuclear Fission
A. meltdown- fuel rods generate so much heat they melt
B. explosions
C. radioactive contamination
D. disposal of radioactive wastes problematic
E. Chernobyl
IV. Fusion
A. combining of 2 atomic nuclei to produce a single larger nucleus
B. can produce much more energy
C. water is fuel
D. high temperature makes it difficult

Sec. 4: Energy Conservation
I. Conservation and efficiency
A. Search for new sources of energy
B. Conserve current fuels to last longer
C. energy conservation- reducing energy use
D. efficiency- percentage of energy that is actually used to perform work
E. Lighting
1. incandescent lights- wasteful
2. compact fluorescent bulb- more efficient
F. insulation- layer of material that helps block the transfer of heat between air inside and outside a building
1. fiberglass insulation-layer of trapped air helps keep building from losing/gaining heat from outside
2. insulated windows
G. Transportation conservation
1. carpooling
2. mass transit
II. What you can do
A. use heater & a/c less
B. use less electricity
C. turn off lights/tv when not in room
D. mass transit/ ride bike or walk
E. recycle

Test for Tuesday!

This Tuesday we will all be taking a math test. For the 6th graders, the following will be tested:

1. percent of a number

2. area of a square

3. relationship between radius and diameter

4. circumference

5. conversions

6. addition, subtraction of decimals

7. addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of fractions

8. find the given percent of a number (what is 73% of 98)

9. find the area of a triangle, square, parallelogram, rectangle

Don't forget your homework- pp. 215 & 216.

We will be finishing up Chapter 9 on Tuesday and will have our test on Thursday as well. Be sure you have completed your studyguide and review by Thursday for the test.

Have a wonderful weekend!