Next week we start off with our Chapter 7 science test over animals. Be sure to complete your science review, studyguide, and animal comparison chart. They are all due on Tuesday. Don't forget to study for your science test as well, it is Tuesday. If you know everything on the review, you should do great!
We will also continue our study of geometry this week with circles. We will learn about diameters, radii, area, and circumferences of circles. Do NOT forget to bring your compass and protractor to class. We will be constructing circles.
This week we will also have a math test on Thursday. I will post more info about it later.
Have a great weekend and don't forget to study!!!
Here are the science notes:
Chapter 7 Notes: Animals
Sec. 1: What is an Animal?
I. Characteristics of Animals
A. Multi-cellular
B. Heterotrophs
C. Most Reproduce Sexually
1. Sperm cell and female egg cell unite to form zygote
2. Some reproduce asexually- hydra (budding)
D. Structure and Function in Animals
1. Adaptation- a characteristic that helps an organism survive in its environment and reproduce
2. Many animal body structures are adaptations that enable the animal to perform a function
3. Adaptations for Food
a. Herbivores- eat only plants
b. Carnivores- eat only animals
i. Predators- hunt and kill other animals
ii. prey- hunted animals
c. Omnivores- eat both plants and animals
E. Mobile
1. Movements are related to obtaining food
2. Reproducing
3. Escaping danger
F. Respond to stimulus
II. Classification of Animals
A. Vertebrates- animal with a backbone
B. Invertebrates- animal without a backbone
C. Most species lack a backbone
Section 2: Symmetry
I. Symmetry- a balanced arrangement characteristic of all complex animals
II. Bilateral symmetry- line symmetry (2 identical halves)
A. Fish, worms, insects, humans
B. Larger and more complex animals
C. Front end that goes first during movement
D. Move more quickly and efficiently
E. Sense organs
III. Radial symmetry- many lines of symmetry that go through a central point
A. Sea anemones, corals, jellfish
B. No distinct front or back ends
C. All live in water
D. Slow moving
E. Watery environment carries food to them
Sec. 3: Sponges, Cnidarians, Worms, and Mollusks
I. Sponges
A. Pores- openings that are important in functions such as reproducing and obtaining food and oxygen
B. Lack tissues and organs
C. Feed on bacteria and protists in water
II. Cnidarians
A. Jellyfish sea anemones, hydras, and corals
B. Radial symmetry
C. Invertebrates
D. Have long, wavy tentacles arranged around a mouth
1. Carnivores that use stinging cells to capture prey
i. Injects venom to paralyze prey
ii. Tentacles pull prey into mouth
2. Use stinging cells to defend themselves
E. Both sexual and asexual reproduction
F. Shapes
1. Polyp- like a vase with mouth at top
2. Medusa- mouth opening at bottom
G. Specialized tissues for movement
III. Worms
A. Structure
1. Invertebrates
2. Bilateral symmetry
3. Long narrow bodies, no legs
4. Have tissues, organs, and organ systems
B. Function of a brain
1. Nervous system- detects and responds quickly to external stimuli
2. Brain and sense organs
IV. Flatworms
A. Flat bodies
B. Planarians
V. Roundworms
A. Cylindrical body
B. Digestive system with opening at both ends
C. Anus- waste exits from far end
VI. Segmented worms
A. Bodies made up of many linked sections called segments
B. One-way digestive system w/ 2 openings
C. Closed Circulatory system w/ heart, blood vessels, blood
VII. Mollusks
A. Invertebrates
B. Hard outer shells for protection
C. Mantle- thin layer of tissue which covers their internal organs
D. Foot- muscular organ used for movement
E. Gills
F. Radula- flexible ribbon of tiny teeth that scrape food from a surface
G. Octopus, snail
Sec. 4: Arthropods and Echinoderms
I. Arthropods
A. Bilateral symmetry
B. Invertebrate
C. External skeleton (exoskeleton)
1. Protection
2. Molting- process of shedding exoskeleton and growing new, larger ones
D. Segmented body
E. Jointed attachments called appendages
1. Provides flexibility and movement
2. Antennae
F. Insects
1. Butterfly, dragonflies, cockroaches, bees
2. 3 body sections
a. Head- sense organs located
b. Thorax- midsection to which wings and legs are attached
c. Abdomen- contains many of the internal organs
3. 6 legs
4. One pair of antennae
5. One or two pairs of wings
6. Life cycle
a. Tiny, hard-shelled, fertilized eggs
b. Metamorphosis- process in which an animal’s body undergoes dramatic changes in form
i. Egg
ii. Larva- an immature form of an animal
iii. Pupa- insect is enclosed in protective covering
iv. Nymph- egg hatches and resembles adult insect
G. Crustaceans
1. Shrimp, crab
2. Two or 3 body sections
3. Usually 3 pairs of appendages structured for chewing
4. Always have five or more pairs of legs
H. Arachnids
1. Spiders, mites, and ticks
2. Two body sections- head and chest
3. 8 legs, no antennae
I. Centipedes and Millipedes
1. Centipede
a. 1 pair of legs per segment
b. Predators
2. Millipedes
a. 2 pairs of legs per segment
b. Herbivores
J. Echinoderms
1. Sea star, sea urchin sand dollars, sea cucumbers
2. 5 part radial symmetry
3. Invertebrate
4. Lives on ocean floor
5. Spiny endoskeleton made of plates
6. Water vascular system- internal fluid system that functions in movement and food gathering
Sec. 5: Fishes, Amphbians, and Reptiles
I. Vertebrates
A. Vertebrae- many similar bones that form the backbone
B. Endoskeleton- internal skeleton
1. Made up of bones
2. Supports and protects the body
3. Gives the body shape
4. Gives muscles a place to attach
5. Skull and ribs
C. Regulating Body Temp.
1. Ectotherms- animals that have a body temp that is close to to the temp of their environment
2. Endotherms- animals that have a stable body temp. that is typically much warmer than their environment
D. Fishes
1. Ectothermic
2. Vertebrate
3. Lives in water and has fins
4. Have gills and scales
a. Gills contain many blood vessels with a large surface area
b. Enables gills to absorb large amount of oxygen
5. Circulatory system
II. Kinds of Fishes
A. Jawless Fishes
1. Hagfish and lamprey
2. No scales
3. Skeletons made of cartilage- a strong tissue that supports the body, but is flexible and softer than bone
4. Scrape, suck, and stab their food
B. Cartilaginous Fishes
1. Sharks, rays, and skates
2. Skeletons of cartilage
3. Have jaws and fins
C. Bony Fishes
1. Trout, tuna, goldfish
2. Bony skeletons
3. Scales and gills
4. Swim bladder- internal gas-filled sac that helps the fish stabilize its body at different depths
III. Amphibians
A. Ecothermic
B. Vertebrate
C. Spends its early life in water and adult life on land, returning to water to reproduce
D. Respiratory and circulatory system
1. Tadpole single loop circ. System
2. Adult amphibian has double loop circ. System
a. Blood flows from heart to lungs and skin and picks up oxygen
b. Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart
c. Blood pumped to rest of body, delivering oxygen
d. Blood then returns to heart and lungs for oxygen
3. 3 heart chambers
a. Atria- two upper chambers of the heart that reeive blood
b. Ventricle- lower chamber of the heart which pumps blood out to the oungs and body
E. Metamorphosis
1. Eggs
2. Eggs hatch to larvae that swim and have gills
3. Larvae develop to adult
F. Kinds of Amphibians
1. Frogs and toads
2. Salmanders
IV. Reptiles
A. Ectothermic
B. Vertebrate
C. Has lungs and scaly skin
D. Spend their entire lives on dry land
1. Adaptation of dry, tough, scale-covered skin
2. Kidneys- organs of excretory system
E. Most breathe entirely with lungs
F. Two-loop circ. System
G. 3 chamber heart
H. Eggs with a shell
1. Egg adaptation to live on land
2. Shell and membranes
a. One membrane holds the yolk which provides food
b. Another membrane holds the liquid that surrounds the embryo
I. Kinds of Reptiles
1. Lizards
a. Four legs, usually with claws on the toes
b. Most are carnivores
c. Iguana, chameleon
2. Snakes
a. No legs
b. Eat large pre
c. Jawbones can spread apart widely
d. Snake’s skull can move to let the snake swallow a large animal
3. Turtles
a. Protective shell
b. Box turtle, snapping turtle
4. Alligators and Crocodiles
a. Carnivores that hunt mostly at night
b. Strong, muscular tails to swim quickly
c. Large, sharp pointed teeth
d. Very strong jaws
Sec. 6: Birds and Mammals
I. Birds
A. Endothermic
B. Vertebrate
C. Has feathers
a. Enable most birds to fly
b. Contour feather- give shape to a bird’s body, help balance and steer
c. Down feathers- trap heat and keep bird warm
D. Lays eggs
E. Eating like a bird
1. Digestive system delivers food to body cells
2. Average bird eats food equal to a quarter of its body weight
3. No teeth
4. Use bills and claws to capture, grip and handle food
5. Crop- stores food after swallowing
6. Gizzard- squeezes and grinds partially digested food
F. Delivering Oxygen to Cells
1. Air sacs- enable birds to obtain much more oxygen from each breath of air
2. Four chambered heart (2 atria, 2 ventricles)
G. Quick Response to Stimuli
H. Reproducing and Caring for Young
1. Female lays eggs in a nest prepared by one or both parents
2. Eggs only develop at a temp. close to the body temp of parent
3. Parent incubates eggs
4. Parent birds feed and protect young until able to fly
I. Why Birds are important
1. Carry pollen to flowers
2. Eat seeds and distribute
3. Predators of pests
II. Mammals
A. Vertebrate
B. Endothermic
C. Four-chambered heart
D. Skin covered with fur or hair
1. Insulation of body heat
2. Layer of fat beneath skin
E. Young of most mammals are born alive
F. Young mammals fed by mother’s milk
G. Teeth
1. Enables mammals to chew
2. Four different shapes of teeth
3. Size, shape, and hardness of teeth reflect diet
H. Breathing
1. Breathe with lungs
2. Breathe in and out because of combined action of rib muscles and diaphragm (large muscle located at the bottom of the chest)
I. Nervous System and Senses
1. Brains enable mammals to learn, remember, and respond to stimuli
2. Highly developed senses adapted for the ways they live
J. Reproduction
1. Few kinds of mammals lay shelled eggs
2. Most develop within their mothers’ bodies
3. All feed young with milk from mother’s mammy glands
4. Young stay with their mother or both parents for an extended time
K. Monotremes
1. Mammals that lay eggs
2. Spiny anteaters & duck-billed platypus
L. Marsupials
1. Mammals whose young are born alive, but at an early stage of development
2. Usually continue to develop in a pouch on their mother’s body
3. Very short gestation period- length of time between fertilization and birth
4. Opossums and kangaroos
M. Placental Mammals
1. Develops inside its mother’s body until its body systems can function independently
2. Placenta- an organ in pregnant female mammals through which materials pass between the mother and developing embryo
3. Classified into groups based on how they eat and move
a. Whales, dolphins, porpoises (swim)
b. Cats, dogs, otters, and seals (predators)
c. Primates
d. Larger the placental mammal, the longer its gestation period
