We have a math test tomorrow! Please be sure to finish up your Comparison Review, p. 127 from class and your homework, pp 129-130. I will take it up and grade it tomorrow. We will be having a test on Thursday containing the following materials:
1. calculating sales tax
2. reducing fractions
3. changing percents to decimals
4. changing fractions to decimals
5. rounding decimals
6. changing fractional percents to decimals
7. using percents larger than 100%
8. finding percentages of a number
And reviewing topics of:
9. changing an improper fraction to a mixed number
10. reducing a fraction to lowest terms
11. converting percents to fractions
12. converting percents to decimals
13. completing a proportion
14. converting weight & volume
15. multiplying fractions
16. adding mixed numbers
17. long division
18. dividing mixed numbers
19. subtracting mixed numbers
20. long division with decimal divisors
21. adding decimals
22. multiplying decimals
As for science, the study guide packet is due tomorrow. We will review for our science test tomorrow which will be on Tuesday before Thanksgiving. I am posting the notes here:
Chapter 5 Notes
Cell Processes and Energy
Sec.1: The cell in Its Environment
I. Cell Membrane as Gatekeeper
A. selectively permeable- some substances can pass through it while others cannot
1. enables cell membrane to regulate the materials that enter and leave the cell
2. gatekeeper
B. Methods of movement across membrane
1. diffusion
a. main method by which small molecules move into and out of cells
b. process by which molecules tend to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
c. caused by moving molecules colliding
2. osmosis- diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane
3. Active transport
a. passive transport- the movement o materials through a cell membrane without using energy
i. diffusion
ii. osmosis
b. active transport- the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy
i. transport proteins- pick up molecules outside the cell and carry them in using energy
ii. transport by engulfing- cell membrane surrounds a particle, pinches off and forms a vacuole within the cell using energy
C. Cell size
1. larger cell increases amount of cytoplasm
2. more cytoplasm increases time to move a molecule through the cell
3. more cytoplasm increases time to move waste out of cell
Sec. 2: The Cell and Energy
I. Photosynthesis
A. definition- the process by which a cell of an autotroph captures the energy in sunlight and uses it to make food
B. chloroplasts contain chemicals that absorb light
C. chlorophyll- chemicals contained in chloroplasts that absorb light and give chloroplasts their green color
D. Events of Photosynthesis
1. cells capture energy from sunlight and use it to change carbon dioxide gas and water into oxygen and sugars, such as glucose
2. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
3. Carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen
II. Storing and Releasing the Energy in Food
A. plant cells use some of the glucose for food
B. oxygen is released
III. Respiration
A. a process in which cells breakdown simple food molecules such as glucose and release the energy they contain
B. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria
C. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
D. Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy
IV. Comparing Photosynthesis and Respiration- opposite processes
V. Fermentation- an energy releasing process that does not require oxygen
A. Alcoholic fermentation
1. occurs in yeast- important for bakers & brewers
2. releases carbon dioxide and small amount of energy
B. Lactic-Acid Fermentation
1. takes place at times in your body
2. muscle cells use up oxygen faster than it can be replaced
3. cells used fermentation to produce energy and caused olactic acid to build-up
Sec. 3: Cell Division
I. Cell Cycle- the regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo
A. Stage 1: Interphase- the period before cell division occurs
1. Growth- cell doubles in size and produces all the structures needed to carry out its functions
2. DNA Replication- cell makes a copy of its DNA in its nucleus
3. Preparation for Division- cell produces structures that it will use to divide during the rest of the cell cycle
B. Stage 2: Mitosis- the stage during which the cell’s nucleus divides into two new nuclei
1. one copy of the DNA is distributed into each of the two daughter cells
2. Phases of Mitosis
i. Prophase- threadlike chromatin in the cell’s nucleus begins to condense and coil (each identical rod of the chromosome is called a chromatid)
ii. Metaphase
iii. Anaphase
iv. telophase
C. Stage 3: Cytokinesis
1. final stage of the cell cycle, completes cell division
2. the cytoplasm divides, distributing the organelles into each of the two new cells
3. animal cells- cell membrane squeezes together around the middle of the cell
4. plant cells- cell plate forms across the middle of the cell
D. DNA Replication
1. ensures that each daughter cell will have all of the genetic info it needs to carry out its activities
2. Structure of DNA- double helix structure; twisted ladder
a. adenine (pairs with thymine)
b. guanine (pairs with cytosine)
c. thymine (pairs with adenine)
d. cytosine (pairs with guanine)
3. replication process-
a. begins when the two sides of the DNA molecule unwind and separate, like a zipper
b. nitrogen bases floating in the nucleus pair up with the bases on each half of the DNA molecule
c. once the new bases are attached, two new DNA molecules are formed
Cell Processes and Energy
Sec.1: The cell in Its Environment
I. Cell Membrane as Gatekeeper
A. selectively permeable- some substances can pass through it while others cannot
1. enables cell membrane to regulate the materials that enter and leave the cell
2. gatekeeper
B. Methods of movement across membrane
1. diffusion
a. main method by which small molecules move into and out of cells
b. process by which molecules tend to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
c. caused by moving molecules colliding
2. osmosis- diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane
3. Active transport
a. passive transport- the movement o materials through a cell membrane without using energy
i. diffusion
ii. osmosis
b. active transport- the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy
i. transport proteins- pick up molecules outside the cell and carry them in using energy
ii. transport by engulfing- cell membrane surrounds a particle, pinches off and forms a vacuole within the cell using energy
C. Cell size
1. larger cell increases amount of cytoplasm
2. more cytoplasm increases time to move a molecule through the cell
3. more cytoplasm increases time to move waste out of cell
Sec. 2: The Cell and Energy
I. Photosynthesis
A. definition- the process by which a cell of an autotroph captures the energy in sunlight and uses it to make food
B. chloroplasts contain chemicals that absorb light
C. chlorophyll- chemicals contained in chloroplasts that absorb light and give chloroplasts their green color
D. Events of Photosynthesis
1. cells capture energy from sunlight and use it to change carbon dioxide gas and water into oxygen and sugars, such as glucose
2. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
3. Carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen
II. Storing and Releasing the Energy in Food
A. plant cells use some of the glucose for food
B. oxygen is released
III. Respiration
A. a process in which cells breakdown simple food molecules such as glucose and release the energy they contain
B. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria
C. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
D. Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy
IV. Comparing Photosynthesis and Respiration- opposite processes
V. Fermentation- an energy releasing process that does not require oxygen
A. Alcoholic fermentation
1. occurs in yeast- important for bakers & brewers
2. releases carbon dioxide and small amount of energy
B. Lactic-Acid Fermentation
1. takes place at times in your body
2. muscle cells use up oxygen faster than it can be replaced
3. cells used fermentation to produce energy and caused olactic acid to build-up
Sec. 3: Cell Division
I. Cell Cycle- the regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo
A. Stage 1: Interphase- the period before cell division occurs
1. Growth- cell doubles in size and produces all the structures needed to carry out its functions
2. DNA Replication- cell makes a copy of its DNA in its nucleus
3. Preparation for Division- cell produces structures that it will use to divide during the rest of the cell cycle
B. Stage 2: Mitosis- the stage during which the cell’s nucleus divides into two new nuclei
1. one copy of the DNA is distributed into each of the two daughter cells
2. Phases of Mitosis
i. Prophase- threadlike chromatin in the cell’s nucleus begins to condense and coil (each identical rod of the chromosome is called a chromatid)
ii. Metaphase
iii. Anaphase
iv. telophase
C. Stage 3: Cytokinesis
1. final stage of the cell cycle, completes cell division
2. the cytoplasm divides, distributing the organelles into each of the two new cells
3. animal cells- cell membrane squeezes together around the middle of the cell
4. plant cells- cell plate forms across the middle of the cell
D. DNA Replication
1. ensures that each daughter cell will have all of the genetic info it needs to carry out its activities
2. Structure of DNA- double helix structure; twisted ladder
a. adenine (pairs with thymine)
b. guanine (pairs with cytosine)
c. thymine (pairs with adenine)
d. cytosine (pairs with guanine)
3. replication process-
a. begins when the two sides of the DNA molecule unwind and separate, like a zipper
b. nitrogen bases floating in the nucleus pair up with the bases on each half of the DNA molecule
c. once the new bases are attached, two new DNA molecules are formed
Have a great week and study hard!
